[5] Stanford J. Shaw, ‘The Ottosus System and Population, 1831–1914’, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, 1978; Servet Mutlu, ‘Late Ottoman Population and its Ethnic Distribution’, Turkish Journal of Population Studies, no. 25, 2003; Philip y of the World’s Desire, 1453–1923, 1995
[6] Mary Poynter, When Turkey was Turkey, 1921
[7] Op. cit., Dwight
[8] Ibid.
[9] Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 2 January 1913
[10] Op. cit., Shaw
[11] Edmondo de Arans. Maria Horner, 1896 (originally published in Italian in 1877)
[12] Zeynep &edil;elik, The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoury, 1986
[13] Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks: The mittee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914, 1969
[14] Op. cit., Zürcher
[15] Renée Worringer, ‘“Sick man of Europe“ or “Japan of the Near East?“: Constructing Ottoy in the Hamidian and Young Turk Eras’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 36, no. 2, 2004
[16] Op. cit., Poynter
[17] Ibid.
[18] Op. cit., Ahmad
[19] Op. cit., Poynter
[20] Ibid.
[21] Ibid.
[22] Op. cit., Mansel
[23] Francis ullagh, The Fall of Abd-Ul-Hamid, 1910
[24] Op. cit., Ahmad
[25] G. F. Abbott, Turkey in Transition, 1909
[26] Op. cit., Zürcher
[27] Op. cit., Poynter
[28] Op. cit., Mansel
[29] Op. cit., Abbott
[30] Robert Hichens, The Near East, 1913
[31] Ibid.
[32] Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, With the Turks in Thrace, 1913
[33] Henry ates Diplo the Bosphorus: The Diaries of Ambassador Morgenthau 1913–1916, piled by Ara Sarafian, 2004
[34] This and following from advertisements in the Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 6 and 9 January 1913
[35] Op. cit., Boyar and Fleet
[36] Andrew Mango, Atatürk, 1999
[37] Karl Baedeker, Konstantinopel und das Westliche Kleinasien, 1905
[38] Op. cit., Hichens
[39] Op. cit., Dwight
[40] Op. cit., Abbott
[41] Quoted in op. cit., Boyar and Fleet
[42] Ibid.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Zeyneb Hanoum, A Turkish Woman’s European Impressions, 1913
[45] Ibid.
[46] Alexander van stantinople, 1906
[47] Ibid.
[48] Ibid.
[49] Ibid.
[50] Nicola Guy, The Birth of Albania: Ethnic Nationalism, the Great Powers of World War I and the Emergence of Albanian Independence, 2012
[51] Quoted in Edith Durham, High Albania, 1909